The water footprint (WF) of crop production in Odisha from 2009 to 2021 exhibited significant spatial and temporal variations influenced by climate, crop yield, and irrigation practices. The total WF decreased from 650–7900 m³/t in 2009 to 510–3300 m³/t in 2021, attributed to improved agricultural practices and efficient water management. Jharsuguda, Sundergarh, and Sambalpur had the highest WF due to low rainfall and irrigation dependency, while districts like Balasore and Gajapati had lower WF due to better rainfall utilization.
